Breast Tumor Classification Using FFT based Fractal Analysis

Breast Tumor Classification Using FFT based Fractal Analysis B.MONICA JENEFER V.CYRILRAJ Abstract Breast cancer is formed by abnormal cells, it causes fast death among human and it is shapeless. The growth of the cancer is also fast and it should be removed from the earlier stage itself. In this study, we have introduced and implemented an FFT based fractal model to analyze the breast tumor and classify it as benign or malignant according to their shapes. The benign and malignant are different in contour and shape where benign have a smooth contour and macrolobulated shapes and malignant have rough contour and irregular shapes. In this study, the contours are classified using fractal based Fourier transform method. The magnitude and frequency based features are utilized for classification. This approach achieved 92% of accuracy in tumor classification using fractal based fourier transform. Keywords: Fractal Analysis, Breast Cancer, Background study A fractal is a mathematical object representing a fractional dimension [1] where fractal geometry is vocabulary of irregular shapes.Due to uncontrolled growth of the bad cells, breast cancer occurs in breast tissue [2]. Fractal analysis helps the clinical experts for pre-screening the breast cancer in earlier stage itself. Various shape based object detection and classification can be obtained mostly using the bounding box method in digital image processing. Since, the shape of the breast cancer has been irregular and it cannot be obtained by bounding method [3]. Malignancy associated changes in the breast cells are discussed for computing the distance between the tumor cells and non-tumor cells is an effective method for screening breast cancer [4, 5]. The main symptoms of breast cancer are increasing DNFA –[De Novo Fatty Acid] and cholesterol synthesis where it related to tumor growth and poorer prognosis [6, 7].Present studies are discussing about fractal geometry to genera te a sampling model for tumor appearance and its impacts. According to the wonderful growth of present researches in understanding the molecular mechanisms of cancer, most of the medical diagnosis is done by examining visual objects for radiological images, direct observation of tissues and microscopy of biopsy specimens and so on [1].These fractal model analyses are used to classify abnormality of medical images due to the structure or high indices of mitosis. This modeling method is one of the reproducible methods which helps to analyze the medical images with computational tools. Also fractal analysis is a morphometric measure of the shapeless structure of tumor growth.Various comprehensive reviews used and discussed mathematical models for medical image diagnosis, especially in pathology is currently appearing in the literature [8-16]. From the digital mammogram image, the shape of the benign tumor is round and smooth, but the shape of the malignant tumor is irregular and roughly bounded. This main difference is utilized to categorize the benign tumor and malignant tumor. The following Figure-1 depicts the morphological spectrum of the breast masses frequently seen in digital mammograms. Figure-1:(a). Round Benign (b). Lobulated benign (c). Malignant (d). Malignant Proposed Model Most of the medical image processing applications used fractal analysis and which is focused in various researches on the digital mammograms. In this study, it is experimenting using the FFT based fractal analysis and classifying the breast lesions. The complete flow of this study is depicted in Figure-2. Figure-2: Overall Flow of the Proposed Approach The structure of this study is described as given below, section-III discussed about the hybrid filter and its applications. Section-IV discussed about the basic information about the fractal analysis method. Section-V described about Fractals based or Fourier Transform method. Section-VI described about our experiment and results. Section-VI provides the conclusion about this study and suggestion for further enhancement work. Hybrid Filter The hybrid filter combines morphological filter with the Gabor filter for removing the noise from the mammogram image to improve the quality of the image. Morphological filter is a non-linear filter work based on the set theory rules and Gaussian filter is a linear filter work based on vectors and both are used to remove noise.The main motto of this hybrid filter is to completely remove various noises occur under different conditions in the image, to improve the performance of the proposed approach. Morphological filter can remove the noise on the contour of the image and Gabor filter remove the noise in the inside of the image. Morphological filter utilized various morphological transform using different structuring elements. In this study also, different morphological transform is tested while experimenting to improve the appearance of the contour. The morphological functions are defined as: (1) Where denotes the opening operation and denotes the dilation and denotes the morphological erosion operation. Device’s mechanism introduced two kinds of noise such as coherence and no-coherence noise. The Gaussian noise is represented by statistical noise, having a probability density function, which is called as a Gaussian distribution. The original pixel value in the image is changed from its inventive value by a minute amount in the Gaussian noise. Due to the central bound theorem, Gaussian distribution is generally can provide a good quality representation. The probability density function of a Gaussian random variable is given by: (2) Alternatively, a process is Gaussian if and only if for every finite set of indices in the index set (3) It is a multivariate Gaussian random variable. The Gaussian property can be formulated by using the features functions of random variables as:, such that (4) The hybrid filter can effectively remove all the noise in the mammogram image which can provide more accuracy in classification. Fractal Analysis There are various fractal analysis techniques are existing but most of the techniques follow power law basics. In the exisiting work [17], tumor growth was studied with the help of a model which says that the tumor is a rising tissues. Mathematical model and numerical simulations of this model were examined to obtain the macroscopic dynamics of the tumor growth. It experimented and well known that the growth of the tumor is proportional to the time [17] suggested from power law. It is also can be simulated using a one-dimensional (1D) CA model, shows the linear growth of the entire cells. From this, it is observed that in both the 1D and 2D cases, tumor diameter grows linearly according in terms of time.The dimension of the fractal model is estimated using various techniques such as sandboxes, bounding-box, Fourier spectrum and so on. When applying these techniques, the scaling relationships of the cells are obtained according to a power law relationship. The basic geometric objects can be understood by the Euclidean objects as lines, planes and circles. All the objects do not resemble the Euclidean objects. By utilizing the fractal geometry, it is easy to create models for nature objects and which can provide a better definition in various conditions. Mandelbrot [9] introduced the first fractal theory. The unique difference among the Euclidean and fractal geometry is the self similarity denoting by un-uniform scaling. The variance of the shape of the objects continuously varying in increasing or decreasing the size of the objects. It is clear that one of the problems in scaling is texture, and describing the texture also depends on scaling. Hence, this problem can be overcome by the fractal geometry of texture. The definition of Hausdroff-Besicovitch of the fractal dimension is described using the following equation (5). (5) Where is the self similar pieces 1/r is the magnificent factor. Since, the fractal dimension indicates the surface roughness, people always use the texture as fine, coarse, gained and smooth etc. Mostly the fractal dimension of an image can be estimated by the bounding-box, fractal Brownian motion and fractal interpolation method. In this study, the fractal of filtered contour of the breast tumors are analyzed and tested using FFT based methods. Fractal based Fourier Transform In this study, it is adopted that Fourier fractal methodology is used for classifying the tumors. The filtered contour is taken and fed as input for testing. The growth of the tumor is randomness and it is in certain degrees, complex irregular in shape. So that, the fractal analysis can give a good measure in order to measure the complex patterns than the traditional Euclidean geometry. In this study, the fractal dimension is measures using Fourier transform method. In our experiment the radical magnitude accusations are calculated and plot in the form of log-log magnitude plot for classifying the tumors. From the centroid to all directions, the magnitude variation is measured to compute the magnitude accumulation testing. The Fourier transforms and phase angle calculations are obtained using Equations (3) and 4) respectively. The filtered contour is defined in X-axis with M – mean value and it can be implemented as: (6) (7) In this study, the fractal dimension of the breast tumor is calculated according to the average slop variations of log-log magnitude plot. Also the log-log plot can be drawn among the magnitude accumulation in entire radial components and number radial components of the respective input images. The accurate and absolute values of average variations are more for malignant tumor than the benign tumors. Experiment and Results To experiment Fractal based fourier transform analysis method the matlab software is choosen to implement, due to its capability in image processing. In this study, it is considered that some of the available contours are the input for the experiment. For pre-processing the image, to remove, the higher order frequency components are taken as artifacts, the input contours are applied into hybrid filters. The result of the hybrid filter is separated into small segments with dissimilar radius length by dividing the contour uniformly in all directions. In our experiment, the contour is divided into 24 equal parts. Then the fractal dimension method using FFT is applied to extract shape variables in each segment. In our experiment, five contours are considered as the input, at five, three contours are the type of malignancy and the remaining contours belongs to the type of benign. The following Table-1 depicts the log-log magnitude plot and absolute values of the slop variations in terms of respective contour. After filtering the input contour it is divided into 24 segments in all the directions with equal radial distance and then the magnitude variation of all the directions is counted and accumulated for all the radial components. It is well known that the malignant tumor has more variations than the benign tumors. According to the accumulations of the magnitude variations the malignant tumors are having more variations than the benign masses. The fractal dimension is calculated using the log-log plot drawing method between the accumulations of magnitude variations and the number of radial components. The absolute value [a threshold value used for decision making] is drawn in the log-log plot to compute the average variation of the magnitude. To provide difference the slop, the colors used to plot are different. The absolute value of the average slop variation according to the threshold is used to classify the tumors. In this experiment, a threshold value is used for decision making, for tumor classification. The absolute value of the average slop difference is high for malignant and for the same value it is less for benign. From this scenario, it is observed that, the variations of magnitude accumulations in terms of number of radius are more for malignant tumor and small for a benign tumor. Table-1: Fractal Analysis based on FFT Tumor classification In most of the cases the average slope values are greater than the threshold values for our test images used in the experiment. Originally the test image 1 is the benign and the other images are the malignant images. Generally Image 4 is malignant image, but according to the average slop variations and threshold values it is defined as benign. In this paper, we experiment with 25 images[ but in table-1 only five images and their results are displayed]. Out of 25 it correctly classifies 23 images. From this experiment 92% of success rate. Conclusion and Future Enhancement The FFT based fractal analysis method is easy to implement and classify the tumors based on the shape of the tumors. In this study, from the experiment, FFT based fractal analysis method achieved 92% of the classification accuracy. Since this study can provide better results than the existing approaches. The accuracy can be improved in the future enhancement of this study. FFT based fractal analysis is one of the easiest methods and best software for doctors to prescribing the tumor and understand the tumor shapes accurately and fast. References [1].James W. Baish and Rakesh K. Jain, â€Å"Fractals and Cancer†, American Association for Cancer Research -2000. [2]. Breast cancer facts and figures http://www.breastcancer.org/. [3]. Syed Abdaheer.M and Ekram Khan, â€Å"Shape Based Classification Of Breast Tumors Using Fractal Analysis†, IEEE-2009. [4] Us-Krasovec M, Erzen J, Zganec M et. Al, â€Å"Malignancy associated changes in epithelial cells of buccal mucosa: a potential cancer detection test†, Anal Quant Cytol Histol. 27(5): 254-62, Oct. 2005. [5] Andrushkiw R.I., Boroday N.V., Klyushin D.A., â€Å"Petunin Yu.A. Computer-aided cytogenetic method of cancer diagnosis†, New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2007. [6]. Pelton K, Freeman MR, Solomon KR, â€Å"Cholesterol and prostate cancer†, Curr Opin Pharmacol 12: 751 – 759-2012. [7]. Zadra G, Photopoulos C, Loda M, â€Å"The fat side of prostate cancer†, Biochim Biophys Acta 1831: 1518 – 1532-2013. [8]. Ramis-Conde I, Drasdo D, Anderson AR, Chaplain MA, â€Å"Modeling the inuence of the e-cadherin-beta-catenin pathway in cancer cell invasion: a multiscale approach†, Biophys J 1: 155–165-2008. [9]. Rietman EA, Friesen DE, Hahnfeldt P, Gatenby R, Hlatky L, et al, â€Å"An integrated multidisciplinary model describing initiation of cancer and the warburg hypothesis†, Theor Biol Med Model 10-2010. [10]. Gillies RJ, Verduzco D, Gatenby RA, â€Å"Evolutionary dynamics of carcinogenesis and why targeted therapy does not work†, Nat Rev Cancer 12: 2012. [11]. Preziosi L, Vitale G, â€Å"A multiphase model of tumor and tissue growth including cell adhesion and plastic reorganization†, Math Models Methods Appl 21: 1901–32-2011. [12]. Bellomo N, Delitala M, â€Å"From the mathematical kinetic, and stochastic game theory to modelling mutations, onset, progression and immune competition of cancer cells†, Physics of Life Reviews 5: 183–206-2008. [13]. Anderson AR, Quaranta V, â€Å"Integrative mathematical oncology†, Nat Rev Cancer 8: 227–34-2008. [14]. Anderson AR, Weaver AM, Cummings PT, Quaranta V, â€Å"Tumor morphology and phenotypic evolution driven by selective pressure from the microenvironment†, Cell 127: 905–15-2008 [15]. Agur Z, Vuk-Pavlovic ´ S, â€Å"Mathematical modeling in immunotherapy of cancer: personalizing clinical trials†, Mol Ther 20: 2012. [16]. Silva AS, Gatenby RA,†A theoretical quantitative model for evolution of cancer chemotherapy resistance†, Biol Direct 5-2010. [17]. Vainstein, V., Kirnasovsky, O.U., Kogan, Y., Agur, Z.: â€Å"Strategies for cancer stem cell elimination: Insights from mathematical modeling†. J. Theor. Biol. 298, 32-41 (2012).

Truancy: A Symptom of a Larger Problem Essay -- mental health, justic

The movie, Ferris Bueller’s Day Off, is the epitome of adolescent rebellion and independence – the benchmark of free-spirited insubordination that lies in the heart of all teenagers. Sure, the movie depicts skipping school as nothing more than a harmless and fun pastime, something that is enjoyable due in large part to its riskiness. But essentially, it documents the day of a truant. A truant whose wild antics entertain, but a truant nonetheless. Like most things, Hollywood’s characterization of adolescent truancy is incorrect, not just in the sense that most kids will not be singing in parades whilst cutting class. It downplays the rather serious nature of chronic absences that permeates all levels of society. Adolescent rebellion and the need to distance away from authority figures and find ones’ own individuality is a normal part of growing up and the developmental process (Steinberg, 1987). However, problems arise when this distinctive need manifests itself in overtly negative activities. Whether it be experimenting with drugs and alcohol or skipping out on class, the undercurrent of teenage self-exploration is present. Going back to the point of truancy, this need, coupled with boredom and peer pressure, can increase the occurrence of absenteeism. Nevertheless, a number of other factors do play a significant role. Chronic absenteeism is often a symptom of larger problems than teen rebellion. Bullying, family issues, financial difficulties, drug use, and lack of academic skills are only some of the potential causes of truancy within the United States (Reid, 2012). And while schools across the country continue desperately to try and mitigate truancy, it seems to be on the rise; in 2012, data indicated that up to 15 percent... ...tiative. Crime & Delinquency, 214-234. National Institute of Mental Health . (2011). The Teen Brain: Still Under Construction . Besthesda : U.S. Department of Health and HUman Services . Prevention, O. o. (1996). Truancy: First Step to a Lifetime of Problems . Washington : U.S. Department of Justice . Reid, K. (2012). The causes, views and traits of school absenteeism and truancy: An analytical review. Research in Education, 59-82. Statistics, B. (2010). Bullying Statistics 2010. Retrieved from Bullying Statistics: http://www.bullyingstatistics.org/content/bullying-statistics-2010.html Steinberg, L. D. (1987). Family processes at adolescence: A developmental perspective. Family Therapy, 77-86. Zik, M. (2009). The Effects of Participation in Contingent Music Experiences on Truancy Rates of Junior High School Students . Dayton : University of Dayton.

Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo Essay

Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (born April 5, 1947) is a Filipino politician who served as the14th President of the Philippines from 2001 to 2010, as the 12th Vice President of the Philippines from 1998 to 2001, and is currently a member of the House of Representativesrepresenting the 2nd District of Pampanga. She was the country’s second female president (after Corazà ³n Aquino), and the daughter of former President Diosdado Macapagal. Arroyo was a former professor of economics at Ateneo de Manila University where Benigno Aquino III was one of her students. She entered government in 1987, serving as assistant secretary and undersecretary of the Department of Trade and Industry upon the invitation of President Corazon Aquino. After serving as a senator from 1992 to 1998, she was elected to the vice presidency under President Joseph Estrada, despite having run on an opposing ticket. After Estrada was accused of corruption, she resigned her cabinet position asSecretary of Social Welfare and Development and joined the growing opposition to the president, who faced impeachment. Estrada was soon forced from office by the EDSA Revolution of 2001, and Arroyo was sworn into the presidency by Chief Justice Hilario Davide, Jr. on January 20, 2001. She was elected to a full six-year presidential term in the controversial May 2004 Philippine elections, and was sworn in on June 30, 2004. Following her presidency she was elected to the House of Representatives, making her the second Philippine president—after Josà © P. Laurel—to pursue a lower office after their presidency. On November 18, 2011, Arroyo was arrested following the filing of criminal charges against her for electoral fraud. As of December 9, 2011, she is incarcerated at the Veterans Memorial Medical Center in Quezon City under charges of electoral sabotage.

Biography of Sociologist George Herbert Mead

When fields such as psychology and sociology were still new, George Herbert Mead became a leading pragmatist and pioneer of symbolic interactionism, a theory that explores the relationships between people in societies. More than a century after his death, Mead is widely considered to be one of the founders of social psychology, the study of how social environments influence individuals. Having taught at the University of Chicago for much of his career, he is also associated with what is now known as the Chicago school of sociology. Early Years and Education George Herbert Mead was born on  Feb. 27, 1863, in South Hadley, Massachusetts. His father Hiram Mead was a pastor of a local church but moved the family to Oberlin, Ohio to become a professor at Oberlin Theological Seminary in 1870. His mother Elizabeth Storrs Billings Mead also worked as an academic; she taught at Oberlin College and would go on to serve as president of Mount Holyoke College in South Hadley, Massachusetts. In 1879, George Herbert Mead enrolled in Oberlin College, where he pursued a bachelors degree focusing on history and literature, which he completed four years later. After a brief stint as a school teacher,  Mead worked as a surveyor for the Wisconsin Central Railroad Company for a few years. Following that, he enrolled in Harvard University, where he studied psychology and philosophy, but he left in 1888 without a graduate degree. After Harvard, Mead joined his close friend Henry Castle and his sister Helen Kingsbury Castle in Leipzig, Germany, where he enrolled in a Ph.D. program for philosophy and physiological psychology at the University of Leipzig. In 1889, Mead transferred to the University of Berlin, where he began to study economic theory. The University of Michigan offered Mead a teaching position in philosophy and psychology two years later and he stopped his doctoral studies to accept this post, never actually completing his Ph.D. Prior to taking on his new role, Mead married Helen Castle in Berlin. Career At the University of Michigan, Mead met sociologist  Charles Horton Cooley, philosopher  John Dewey, and psychologist Alfred Lloyd, all of whom influenced the development of his thought and written work. Dewey accepted an appointment as the chair of philosophy at the University of Chicago in 1894  and arranged for Mead to be appointed assistant professor in the department of philosophy. Together with James Hayden Tufts, the three formed the nexus of American pragmatism, referred to as the Chicago Pragmatists. Meads Theory of the Self Among sociologists, Mead is most well known for his theory of the self, which he presented in his well-regarded and much-taught book Mind, Self and Society (published in 1934 after his death and edited by Charles W. Morris). Meads theory of the self maintains that the idea people have of themselves stems from social interaction with others. This theory opposes biological determinism  because it holds that  the self does not exist at  birth and may not be present at the beginning of a social interaction, but it is constructed and reconstructed in the process of social experience and activity.​ The self, according to Mead, is made up of two components: the â€Å"I† and the â€Å"me.† The â€Å"me† represents the expectations and attitudes of others (the generalized other) organized into a social self. Individuals define their behavior in reference to the generalized attitude of the social group(s) they occupy. When people can view themselves from the standpoint of the generalized other, self-consciousness in the full sense of the term is attained.  From this standpoint, the generalized other (internalized in the â€Å"me†) is the major instrument of social control, for it is the mechanism by which the community exercises control over the conduct of its individual members. The â€Å"I† is the response to the â€Å"me,† or the person’s individuality. It is the essence of agency in human action. So, in effect, the me is the self as object, while the I is the self as subject. According to Meads theory, the self is developed through three activities: language, play, and game. Language allows people to take on the â€Å"role of the other† and respond to their own behaviors through the symbolized attitudes of others. During play, individuals take on the roles of different people and pretend to be them to express their expectations. This process of role-playing is key to the generation of self-consciousness and to the general development of the self. People must comprehend the rules of the game and internalize the roles of everyone else involved. Meads work in this area spurred the development of symbolic interaction theory, now a major framework within sociology. In addition to Mind, Self, and Society, his major works include 1932s The Philosophy of the Present and 1938s The Philosophy of the Act. He taught at the  University of Chicago until his death on  April 26, 1931. Updated  by Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D.

Banking Fraud And The Banking Industry - 1481 Words

A banking fraud is the use of illegal means to gain money, assets from depositors or clients fraudulently while posing as a bank, agent or any other financial institution. In many countries and especially the United States, bank fraud is a criminal offense even though experts refer to it as a white collar crime due to the manner in which it is carried out. The paper below will look at the vulnerabilities that face the banking industry while using the example of Stanford Financial Group Company to show how the banking fraud can be committed. Moreover, the paper will also look at the different frauds that can be committed in the banking sector and how the vulnerabilities can be avoided. A fraud prevention program will also be created meant to help companies in the banking industry prevent and detect crimes and frauds before they occur (Riggs, 2007). Stanford Financial Group Company: A Brief History The Stanford Financial Group Company was a privately owned international group that specialized in financial services under the control of Allen Stanford. Allen Stanford controlled the financial company until United States authorities seized in at the end of 2009 due to what came to be known as Ponzi scheme or scandal. Among its many groups was the Stanford International Bank, with more than 50 offices in 136 countries around the globe. 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Comparison Between Hermia And Helena In A Midsummer...

Hermia and Helena are best friends until Helena chooses a mans love over their friendship. In the fiction play, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, by William Shakespeare, a group of friends in which two men, Demetrius and Lysander, both love Hermia, but Helena loves Demetrius. Hermias father Egeus wants her to marry Demetrius but she wants to marry Lysander. Hermia and Lysander run off during the night deep into the forest far away so they could be together and the Athenian law would not be able to affect them. Hermia and Helena were friends but, Helena was always jealous of how pretty Hermia was, she tried to win back Demetrius’ love, and Helena thinking that Hermia mainly and Demetrius and Lysander are playing a trick on her. Helena always†¦show more content†¦Then to the wood will he tomorrow night pursue her. And for this intelligence if I have thanks, it is a dear expense. But herein mean I to enrich my pain, to have his sight thither and back again.†(I.i). Helena thought by telling Demetrius that Hermia and Lysander were leaving town he will be grateful to Helena and will love her again. In this quote, Helena calls Hermia her rival after all this time they have been friends. She feels as though Hermia has stolen the love of her man even though Hermia does not love him. Helena does not trust Hermia when she thinks Hermia is playing a trick on her. By Helena mistaking Hermia for something she has not done has made them get into a big fight. In the woods, a fairy named Puck puts a love potion on Lysander and Demetrius’ eyes that makes them fall in love with the first person they see. They both woke up and saw Helena; she thought they were playing a trick on her and Hermia was apart of it. Helena says,†Lo, she is one of this Confederacy! Now I perceive they have conjoined all three to fashion this false sport, in spite of me. -Injurious Hermia! Most ungrateful maid! Have you conspired, have you with these contrived to bait me with this foul derision? Is all the council that we to have shared, the sisters’ vows, the hours that we have spent when we have chid the hasty-footed time for parting us-oh, is it all forgot?...And will you rent our ancient love asunder to join with men inShow MoreRelatedA Midsummer Night s Dream By William Shakespeare1751 Words   |  8 Pages What types of dream really imp ress you in your life? Would that be funny dreams, weird dreams, scary dreams, risque dreams, dramatic dreams, life-changing dreams, and even lucid dream stories. As a matter of fact, people’s dreams can be a kind of illusion because dreams skew their daily life into confusion—people cannot recognize reality and unreality easily. Similarly, love not only is imaginative, but also can make people get confused just like dream. The comedicRead MoreA Midsummer Nights Dream Research Paper (with Cited)1161 Words   |  5 PagesThe play, A Midsummer Nights Dream by William Shakespeare, is about four lovers and their dreamlike adventure through a fairy ruled forest. There are many different characters in this play and they each play their own individual role in how the play is performed and read. Three main characters that showed great characteristics are: Puck, Tom Bottom, and Helena. The play, A Midsummer Nights Dream by William Shakespeare, uses characters and their conflicts to give meaning to this piece of literatureRead MoreTheme Of Love Gone Love And A Midsummer Nights Dream1892 Words   |  8 PagesLiterature Theme Comparison Love is a popular theme in a multitude of literature pieces throughout the times. Forbidden love seems nearly as popular as does love gone wrong and unconditional love. Two tales that contain the theme of forbidden love, the theme of love gone wrong, and the theme of unconditional love are: William Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream and Fay Weldon’s â€Å"IND AFF or Out of Love in Sarajevo.† Though these stories were both written many years apart, they have a commonalityRead MoreEssay on A Midsummer Nights Dream: Critical Analysis3103 Words   |  13 PagesMandy Conway Mrs. Guynes English 12 16 March 2000 A Critical Analysis of quot;A Midsummer Nights Dreamquot; William Shakespeare, born in 1594, is one of the greatest writers in literature. He dies in 1616 after completing many sonnets and plays. One of which is quot;A Midsummer Nights Dream.quot; They say that this play is the most purely romantic of Shakespeares comedies. The themes of the pl ay are dreams and reality, love and magic. This extraordinary play is a play-with-in-a-play, whichRead MoreMidsummer Nights Dream Essay1041 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s play A Midsummer Night’s Dream utilizes the technique of multiple characters playing leading roles. The fairy character Puck stands out as a dominant and leading role in the play. Puck is the best fit for the role of the protagonist because he is mischievous and therefore, has the ability to change the outcome of the play through his schemes and actions. As the protagonist, Puck is responsible for creating the major conflict that occurs between the four lovers throughout theRead MoreMidsummer Night’s Dream: The Power of Love1260 Words   |  6 Pagesbe devastating and maddening. In his play, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, William Shakespeare comically explores the flaws and suffering of lovers. Four young Athenians: Demetrius, Lysander, Hermia, and Helena, are confronted by lov e’s challenge, one that becomes increasingly difficult with the interference of the fairy world. Through specific word choice and word order, a struggle between lovers is revealed throughout the play. In A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Shakespeare uses descriptive diction to emphasizeRead MoreShakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream1186 Words   |  5 Pagesmetaphor and simile in A Midsummer Night’s Dream is best understood as an attempt to provide some useful context for relationships and emotions, most often love and friendship, or the lack thereof. One example of such a usage is in Act 3, Scene 2 of the play. Here, the two Athenian couples wake up in the forest and fall under the effects of the flower, thus confusing the romantic relationships between them. Hermia comes to find her Lysander has fallen for Helena. Hermia suspects that the two haveRead MoreWaning Of Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream1465 Words   |  6 PagesWaning of the Moon in A Midsummer N ight’s Dream Before the birth of William Shakespeare as a playwright, no craftsman could skillfully create a world composed of contradictions so shocking, yet profoundly insightful to the human condition. Shakespeare accomplishes the impossible by bringing many contradictory elements into his play, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, a comedy on the verge of tragedy. In this play, many of his characters allude to the moon through the use of repetitive metaphors. ShakespeareRead MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeare s The Midsummer Night s Dream Essay1165 Words   |  5 Pageshe was trying to get across due to their education. These references would have little effect on the actual plot of the play. These references would be used to describe appearance, personality, mood or occupation. 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Importance and Role of Ethics in Business †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: What Is The Importance And Role Of Ethics In Business? Answer: Introduction In the context of this research paper, ASIC v Healey 2011 case is selected because it is the case with the commercial nature and published in the media. In addition to this, in this study ethical challenges with regards to the selected case would be discussed. Moreover, specific ethical practices would be suggested to overcome such types of commercial ethical issues. On the other hand, the concepts and roles of ethics in the business would also be discussed in order to attain the objective of the study. Case Overview In the case, ASIC v Healey 2011, the duties were breached by the company directors. Moreover, it is found that, the CFO (Chief Financial Officer), and directors of the Centro Group were breached their functions and duties through the mispresentation and misstatement of company in the financial year 2007. In addition to this, it is found that, along with the directors and CFO of the company, different companies such as: Centro Retail Trust (CRT), Centro Properties Limited (CPL), Centro Property Trust (CPT), Centro Retail Group (CER) and Centro Properties Group (CNP) had approved the financial statements of 2007 financial years (Bright Law. 2011). After some time, there were several issues in the financial reports of the Centro Group. For example, in developing and preparing of annual financial reports, they ignored more than$1.5 billion short term liabilities of CNP. It means they have not disclosed this big amount of liabilities in the financial statement of the company. In doing thi s, they divided the noncurrent liabilities. Apart from this, it is also analyzed that, they also did not disclosed $1.75 billion guarantees of CNPs short term liabilities. Moreover, they also ignored$500 million short term liabilities of CER. This indicates that, they have not fulfilled their duties properly that created legal and ethical issues (Lowry, 2012). Finding of the Case The directors approved the Centro Group solidified money related proclamations and yearly reports regardless of the mistakes. This circumstance showed the executives of Centro Group spoke to the money related misquote before partners that demonstrated the break of their obligations. The budgetary error wrong PL and accounting report is giving incorrectly course of the organizations that implies the share cost and market esteem isn't right. It demonstrates the executives not played out its obligations as not considered the enthusiasm of partners while arranged and displayed the gathering united monetary articulations. ASIC (Australian Securities and Investments Commission) brought procedures against the 7 respondent chiefs, the CEO and the 5 non-official executives for break of their executive's obligations under area 180(1), 601FD(3) and 344(1) of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth). Healey is the main litigant chief and 6 other respondent chiefs went to an executive meeting on 6 Septemb er 2007 and displayed solidified money related explanations before shareholders or financial specialists, so that respondent executive, the CEO and the non-official chiefs have been in charge of present gathering misquotes (Dunn, 2011). Ethical Practices to Produce More Positive Scenario/Outcome Based on the identified case, it can be suggested that, the CFO as well as directors of the company should fulfill their duties by considering the organizational code of conduct. In addition to this, they should also follow the organizational ethical policy before making any decision. On the other hand, it can also be suggested that, they should adopt the principles and standards of corporate ethics to avoid ethical issues (Walmsley, Puri, 2011). At the same time, it can also be suggested that, they must follow the principals of Honesty, Integrity, Loyalty, fairness, Excellence, Obeying the law, Morale and accountability principals of ethics. Additionally, they should work as per the companys ethical policies, standards and norms. For case, they ignored the ethical policies of the company in the case (Hedges, Bird, Gilligan, Godwin, Ramsay, 2016). . Moreover, they should work only for attaining of organizational long term goals and objectives. Additionally, they should also follow the ethical code of duties to avoid such serious issues effectively. Apart from this, it is also suggested that, the CFO and director of the company must also follow the duty of care, and good faith and interest. Moreover, delegation and advice are other practices that should be followed by them in order to produce more positive outcomes. Hence, it can be said that, they should be followed all the suggested ethical practices in order to produce positive outcomes (Langford, Ramsay, Welsh, 2015). Importance and Role of Ethics in Business Ethics is more important and valuable in the business that play a lot of significant role in the improving the individual and organizational productivity. For example, ethics is important because it play a key role in attracting the investors and customers for the business. Moreover, ethics bring innovation, accountability, creditability and flexibility within the business process and strategies. For case, with the help of ethics, a company can improve its image and reputation in the eyes of global customers. Moreover, it is also accessed that, workplace issues and conflict could be handled effectively by using the principals and standards of ethic. Moreover, with the help of ethics, a company could be able to motivate and encourage its employees to fulfill the long term organizational goals. On the other hand, ethics is also improve decision making abilities of the individual at the workplace so that they can make strategic decision to solve complex business issues and challenges ef fectively. Moreover, a company could also design and create a wide range of strategies by using ethical standards to fulfill the long term goals and objectives (Giordano, 2011). At the same time, it is also found that, it improves leadership qualities and management abilities. Furthermore, ethics is also important in reducing the organizational overhead costs and improving the profitability directly or indirectly. In the same way, ethics in the business helps the business firms to attain the competitive advantages over the other competitors. For case, through the ethical concepts, a company can design and produce the products and services according to the needs of customers (The civil lawyer. 2011). In addition to this it is also analyzed that, ethics in the business improve strategic thinking of the originations as well as their employees. For instance, the company can take strategic decisions for the growth and total success of the organization. Hence, ethics is more important and significant in the business and play specific roles in the total success (Carter, Peden, Tolhurst, 2007). Conclusion On the basis of above discussion, it can be summarized that, employees or organizational people should focus on using ethical practices, standards, norms and policies at the workplace in order to overcome potential serious issues. In addition to this, it is also concluded that, in the case, the CFO and director did not followed the ethical principles and ethical code of conduct of the company that created issues and challenges in the front of them. Moreover, it can also be said that, they must consider all the ethical aspects and concepts before taking any unethical actions. The unethical actions taken by them affected the reputation of the company. Furthermore, it can also be suggested that, each and every individual must take care of about ethical rules, policies, standards and these should be adopted in conducting day to day functions. Finally, it can be concluded that, ethics is the moral standards and indicates what is right and wrong. Hence, the ethics is more important in the business and play various significant role in enhancing the organizational and individual performance effectively. References Bright Law. (2011). Centro (ASIC v Healey) case note: directors duties for financial statements. [Online]. Retrieved From: https://www.brightlaw.com.au/centro-asic-v-healey-case-note-directors-duties-for-financial-statements/ Carter, J.W., Peden, E. Tolhurst, G. (2007). Cases and Materials on Contract Law in Australia (5th ed.). LexisNexis Butterworths. Dunn, K. (2011). Corporate Law: Directors Cannot Rely on Others to Discharge Their Duties. Keeping good companies, 63(8), 480. Giordano, F. (2011). Company Secretary: Financial Reporting Duties of Directors-Ten Corporate Governance Lessons from Centro for Non-Executive Directors of Listed Public Companies. Keeping good companies, 63(7), 390. Hedges, J., Bird, H. L., Gilligan, G., Godwin, A., Ramsay, I. (2016). An Empirical Analysis of Public Enforcement of Directors Duties in Australia: Preliminary Findings. CIFR Paper, 105. Langford, R. T., Ramsay, I., Welsh, M. A. (2015). The origins of company directors' statutory duty of care. Sydney Law Review, 37(4), 489-518. Lowry, J. (2012) The Irreducible Core of the Duty of Care, Skill and Diligence of Company Directors: Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Healey. The Modern Law Review, 75(2), 249-260. The civil lawyer. (2011). The Centro matter: ASIC v Healey [2011] FCA 717 and breach of director's duties. [Online]. Retrieved From: https://www.the-civil-lawyer.net/2011/06/centro-matter-asic-v-healey-2011-fca.html Walmsley, S. Puri, R. (2011). The Centro 'Penalties' Decision - ASIC v Healey (No 2) [2011] FCA 1003. [Online]. Retrieved From: https://www.jws.com.au/en/acumen/item/582-the-centro-penalties-decision-asic-v-healey-no-2-2011-fca-1003